1.1 Ferritic Stainless Steel

This stainless steel has a matrix composed primarily of ferrite (α phase) with a body-centered cubic crystal structure. It is magnetic and generally cannot be hardened by heat treatment, but can be slightly strengthened by cold working. It contains 11-30% Cr, and may contain small amounts of Mo, Nb, and Ti. It is essentially Ni-free. It offers high strength and excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion, pitting, and crevice corrosion, but is sensitive to intergranular corrosion and has poor low-temperature toughness. Key grades include 06Cr13Al, 10Cr17, 10Cr17Mo, 008Cr27Mo, and 008Cr30Mo2.

1.2 Martensitic Stainless Steel

This stainless steel has a martensitic matrix and is magnetic. Its mechanical properties can be adjusted through heat treatment. Martensitic stainless steel is austenite at high temperatures. After quenching, the austenite transforms into martensite, hence the name martensitic stainless steel. The most common martensitic stainless steel grades include 12Cr12, 20Cr13, 30Cr13, and 40Cr13. These grades have a high carbon content and produce a martensitic structure after quenching. They exhibit high strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Required properties can be achieved through heat treatment. They have good machinability but poor weldability.

1.3 Austenitic Stainless Steel

This type of stainless steel is primarily composed of a face-centered cubic austenite (γ phase) matrix, is non-magnetic, and is primarily strengthened through cold working. Austenitic stainless steel generally contains 16%-25% Cr and 7%-20% Ni. After appropriate heat treatment, it forms a single A structure at room temperature. Common grades include 12Cr18Ni9, 06Cr18Ni11Ti, 06Cr19Ni10, 304, and 316. They have excellent ductility, toughness, and corrosion resistance, and are widely used.

1.4 Austenitic-Ferritic Duplex Stainless Steel

This stainless steel has a matrix structure consisting of both austenite and ferrite, with the ferrite content ranging from approximately 40% to 60%. It is magnetic and can be strengthened by cold working. Typical grades include 022Cr22Ni5Mo3N and 022Cr26Ni7Mo3N.

1.5 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel

This stainless steel has an austenitic or martensitic matrix structure that can be strengthened by precipitation hardening (also known as age hardening). Precipitation hardening stainless steel forms a martensitic or semi-austenitic structure after solution treatment, ultimately precipitating martensitic structure. It exhibits high strength, superior uniform corrosion resistance to martensitic steels, and excellent formability and weldability. Typical grades include 05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb, 07Cr17Ni7Al, and 05Cr15Ni7Mo2Al.

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